WEEK10,11 (IPL)

INTRO to IPL

https://www.webmd.com/health-insurance/insurance-doctor-types

INTERVIEWS 

 

Paramedic

:Paramedics are responsible for caring for critically unwell people out in the community and attending scenes of accidents. Or just people that are just generally unwell and require transport to hospital .

 

Nurse

:practices safe, practical, patient-centred, holistic care.

:responsible for assessing, planning, implementing and evaluating a plan of care across the life span continuum and across a variety of different clinical and health care arenas.

:It originally started with, erm, nuns in the Christian church.

 

Nurse practitionists are similar to doctors

 

Exercise Physiologist

:health professionals that specialise in the delivery of exercise and lifestyle modifications for the management of various chronic diseases.

:the health profession of exercise physiology, only emerged in the 1990’s.

:Exercise physiologists can prescribe for whole-body, aerobic-based exercise programs for general improvement of heart and lung fitness; or, it could be more targeted exercises to strengthen or improve the endurance in selected muscles or groups of muscles.  But exercise physiologists don’t diagnose or apply interventions other than exercise.

:Exercise physiologists can work in a diverse range of settings including gyms or health clubs,  clinical settings, visit people’s homes to prescribe exercise, sporting settings and community settings as well.

:They work closely with psychologists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists and dieticians among other health professionals to optimise the health outcomes for their clients. 

:the most challenging thing of engaging and motivating our clients or patients to stay adherent to the prescription of exercise. 

 

Exercise science is a broader term that encompasses areas such as physical education, strength and training, human performance and sports nutrition, while exercise physiology primarily focuses on the body's response to physical activity. 

(Exercise scientists work in sports theme usually, exercise physiologists work more with patients with chronic diseases)

 

Exercise Physiologists treat patients using clinical exercise interventions and programs as their primary modality. In contrast, Physiotherapists assess, diagnose, treat and manage injuries, disabilities and pain with hands-on treatment and exercise prescription.

 

Physiotherapist

:Physiotherapy is a health profession that focusses on assessing, treating and diagnosing movement related disorders. These can have been acquired from birth, from injury or maybe something to do with aging. So we work with the client closely and basically target those movement disorders with physical therapy.

:Their primary focus is to prevent or correct disorders of movement that affect the nervous system, the musculoskeletal system or the heart and lungs.

:cardio-respiratory(a cardio-pulmonary disease or maybe they have undergone some major surgery or trauma to that sort of cardiothoracic area), neurological(generally focusses on conditions that have affected the brain, the spinal cord or neuromuscular system) and then muscular skeletal physiotherapy(we focus on treating the disorders of the musculoskeletal system but also working um within the orthopaedic, the post orthopaedic surgery.)

 

Speech Pathologist

:assessment, diagnosis and treatment of communication and swallowing disorders.

:speech, language, voice, fluency, multimodal communication as well as with swallowing disorders.

:Speech pathologists also work with people who have literacy issues or difficulties with social communication.

 

 

Radiographer(diagnostic radiographer)

:take general X-ray, we can perform CT scans, you can specialise in ultrasounds, so become a sonographer or you can also specialise in MRI.

:Generally when you graduate, you start as a diagnostic radiographer, doing general X-ray and then specialise into CT, ultrasound, MRI.

:Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen performed the first x-ray in Germany in 1895

:it’s an ever evolving technology that we work with, and it’s continually updating every day, and there’s always a new development , there’s always new software or new  machines that we get to work with. So constantly gaining new skills, constantly gaining new knowledge which is a really exciting area to be in. 

(the challenge of the anatomy and the pathology and continually learning and developing your knowledge.)

: Patients are referred for an imaging procedures by treating health professionals such as  medical practitioners, dentists, midwives or nurse practitioners.  Once the images have been captured, they are reviewed by the radiographer and reported by a radiologist, who is a medical practitioner who specialises in imaging. Often nurses or technicians are present in the radiology practice to help with patient preparation and care before, during and after specialised scans

 

Medical Laboratory Scientist

:We work in clinical laboratories and private pathologies. We work on lab tests on the - blood and the body tissues and body fluids. And most of the test that we run are helping making diagnosis as well as monitoring the treatment and the prevention of diseases.

:In about 300BC already Hippocrates started working on blood body fluids, for example looking at the ants coming on the urine, for the diabetes and those kind of simple tests. However, the actual laboratory tests done by the doctors on the corner of their labs, actually started in the late 1800’s.

:clinical biochemistry where we actually check the chemical composition of the blood samples and the tissues as well as body fluids. And we test things like diabetes, thyroid functions to check your hormones are working alright or not. Or just to screen general population for diseases, like communicable diseases, like maybe hepatitis, HIV.

:haematology, haematology deals with the blood, diseases of the blood which includes leukaemias, people who have blood cancer, we call it. And then we also deal with the bloods got different kinds of cells, the red cells, the white cells and the platelets.

:Histology(조직학) is the next one or histopathology or anatomical pathology – they are different names for that. For that we take the tissues or the cytology, where we take the individual cells. We cut the tissues into really thin and fine preps, and then we look at individual cells and how they connect to each other in the organ and the system itself.

 

Podiatrist

:they focus mainly obviously on the feet and the lower leg. Podiatry involves looking at people usually with diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, chronic disease or have a high risk for foot ulceration.

:A podiatrist is a health professional who deals with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of medical and surgical conditions of the feet and lower limbs.  Podiatrists diagnose and treat both common and less common skin and nail pathologies affecting the feet. 

:monitoring of foot health, particularly in relation to circulation problems and diabetes. 

:The care of feet can be traced back to Ancient Egypt and is depicted in many cultures through history. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the profession of podiatry known in some parts of the world as chiropody, developed separately from mainstream medicine. In Australia podiatry became an established allied health profession in the 1930s and is now licensed under the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency.

:To become a podiatrist a practitioner must complete an accredited Bachelor’s Degree and become registered with the Podiatry Board of Australia.

:The breath of the podiatry can range from community podiatry, to a diabetic podiatrist, to a surgical podiatrist or even to a sports podiatrist.

:A community podiatrist can see – anybody it’s based in the community. And it can range from all sorts of things from ingrown toe nails to ulcers. A diabetic podiatrist can assess and treat, and screen a diabetic patient.  A surgical podiatrist can do bone surgery. And a sports podiatrist usually involves themselves in biomechanics, and inserts orthotics.

 

 

Doctor

:undertake the assessment, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease and injury.

:as old as humankind itself since evidence of disease has been found in the earliest human fossil remains. But the earliest definitive evidence of medical practice dates from the Mesolithic era. This skull found in the Ukraine and dated to about 6000BCE shows evidence of a medical procedure called trepanning, which involved boaring a whole into a person’s skull perhaps to relieve pressure following a head injury

:The earliest documentation of medical practice dates from ancient Egypt and refers to the time of the pharaoh Imhotep around 2600BCE.

:Medical and surgical practice are also documented among other ancient civilisations including the Babylonian, Greek and Roman periods as well as early Indian and Chinese history.

:Surgeons were actually barbers. And it wasn’t until the 18th century that there were a pair of brothers, John and William Hunter. William was a university trained physician and John was a surgeon and he was then the first surgeon to be medically trained and it united the surgery and medical fields.

:paediatrics,psychiatry, radiology, pathology

:One of the other things about being an intern is that now we can prescribe drugs.

 

Dentist

:look after patients who have problems within the mouth. And that’s focussing on both prevention and treatment.

:Dentistry actually dates all the way back to around  7000BCE. But as we know it today, modern dentistry is probably fathered by physician Pierre Fauchard , in the 17th century.

:The oral health therapists that we work with, and dental technologists that help to provide us a holistic sort of treatment for each patient.  

:Endodontics specialise in doing root canal treatments for patients

:periodontists who look after the gingival health, the gums, and supporting tissues around the teeth and that can also get quite surgical too with implantology and that sort of thing, even tissue and bone grafting sometimes

:maxillofacial surgery, or oral surgery as it might more commonly be referred to. This can be anything from extraction of wisdom teeth, which is quite a common procedure, right through to completely reconstructing someone’s face after a traumatic car incident or something like that.

:prosthodontics. Which usually deals with advanced restorative dentistry – so you’d be looking at crown and bridge work, veneers, and this is becoming increasingly popular as people start to be more concerned with the visual appearance of their teeth as well.

:orthodontist usually metal framework appliances that can move the teeth within the bone and actually correct that over a period of a few years.

: dental technologist as well is a very valuable part of our team. Where if we need say a crown, or a bridge or a denture, made up, we’ll take the impressions here in the chair and then send those up to the dental technologist and they can actually make the finished product or porcelain or chrome or whatever we are working with for that patient.

:patients who would be undergoing treatment, perhaps they are about to have radiotherapy. We need to make sure that everything is stable before they undergo that sort of treatment. The same goes for cardiovascular issues where if any complication occurs perhaps within the mouth, it can actually travel through the vascular system and cause further problems for the patient later on. So we need to make sure they’re in tip-top oral health before they undergo any of those really serious procedures.

 

(Some heart attacks are caused by oral infection)

 

 

Dental Technician (dental prosthetist)

:responsible for working closely with dentists in constructing removable, fixed and orthodontic appliances.

:material understanding, technical understanding, a development of one’s artistic skills, and almost most importantly communication skills between the technician and dentist

:dental prosthetist rely on the technical skills that you have developed as a dental technician to create the removable prosthetic appliances that you will be delivering to the patients yourself. 

 

Midwife

:provide continuity of care for women throughout their pregnancy, through their birth and during the post-natal period for up to six weeks post-partum. 

:includes preventive measures, the promotion of normal birth, the detection of complications in mother and child, the accessing of medical or other appropriate assistance and the carrying out of emergency measures.

:From 2010, legislation came in Australia that now enables midwives to be seen as a profession on its own. So midwives can now apply to become eligible and prescribe medications and order tests and work independently of the medical profession.

:During the post-partum period, again we work in partnership with that woman, and the baby. Helping to facilitate breast-feeding, ensuring her body is returning to normal. Empowering the woman and affirming with the woman that she is doing a great job, and assisting with her transition into, into motherhood.

:sometimes pregnancies fall outside the realms of normality and that’s when we will work collaboratively with obstetricians or GP’s. And we may work with lactation consultants or paediatricians. Sometimes if a woman develops diabetes, we may work with an endocrinologist. And while these pregnancies aren’t following a normal pathway they also help to enrich our knowledge and our understanding of the birthing process and of the pathology that that can sometimes involve that.

 

What's the difference between obstetricians and gynecologists? While OB/GYN is considered one specialty, it comprises two distinct fields. Obstetrics (the OB) involves care during pre-conception, pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately after delivery. Gynecology (the GYN) involves care of all women's health issues

 

Pediatricians/paediatricians
They care for children from birth to young adulthood. Some pediatricians specialize in pre-teens and teens, child abuse, or children's developmental issues.

endocrinologist

experts on hormones and metabolism. They can treat conditions like diabetes, thyroid problems, infertility, and calcium and bone disorders.

Pathologist

These lab doctors identify the causes of diseases by examining body tissues and fluids under microscopes.

 

Health Service Manager

: are responsible for bringing together the disparate parts of complex organisations. In this role they are responsible for aligning people, resources and systems, and ensuring they are all focused toward the ultimate objective which is about the delivery of safe quality patient care.

:acute public hospital, community based services, non-government health organisations, public and private, also including the policy environment within state and Commonwealth health agencies.

 

Occupational Therapist

:focussed on helping people to get back to doing their everyday roles

:The history of occupational therapy comes, was from the first World War when the veterans from that war returned home with various disabilities. Some of them with shell shock or other physical disabilities. And a group of professionals who included a nurse and an architect and a psychiatrist, amongst others, discovered that these veterans responded very well as treatment, using meaningful activity.

:Other occupational therapist may be doing home visits to people and seeing how they function in their actual home environment. So they might be doing those home visits for a variety of reasons. They might be going to see an older person who’s not able to function at home, they might be going to see somebody who has a mental health condition which means that their home environment needs to be assessed as well and other occupational therapists might find that they are doing work site visits to see how their clients are functioning in their work environment.

 

 

Social Worker

:supporting people and communities and neighbourhoods, to reach their full potential. So we focus on social values, around systems, around what gets in the way of both individuals and communities reaching their full potential.

:The main focus is on mental health assessment; diagnosis; treatment, including therapy; client-centered advocacy; consultation and evaluation.

:Culture also plays an important part, for example, people from different cultures have different ways of expressing health and illness, and so as well as requiring clinical knowledge, social workers in mental health must be able to practice in a culturally competent way.

:You can work in health, education, prisons, you can be an advocate, you can work in social advocacy. And it’s about identifying where the gaps and the inequities are, and I guess the range is working with individual people in counselling, right up to making policy changes that impact on those service deliveries.

 

 

Dietitian

:look at how food affects our health – whether that be trying to help people to gain weight or trying to help people lose weight, or it might be in terms of allergies and intolerances as well.

:modern profession of dietetics was born in the United States in the early 20th century.

:accredited dietitian and a nutritionist. A dietitian can work one on one in a hospital setting and can give individual advice to anyone. For example, a client might come into me and I can talk to them and tailor a diet specifically to them. Whereas a nutritionist can’t work one on one, they actually need to work in a community so they might be involved in group education or they might be involved in project planning.

 

Pharmacist

:health professionals who are involved in all aspects of assisting clients with the safe and effective use of their medicines. We work independently with patients themselves and also with doctors and nurses, and other health professionals in multidisciplinary teams.

:Fossils from plants with medicinal properties have been found with the remains of Neanderthals, indicating that early humans may have used these plants as drugs around 50,000 BC.

:In the 19th century the professions of pharmacy and medicine started to become independent fields of qualification. In the 1870’s, the Pharmaceutical Societies of each state of Australia were formed, to take responsibility for overseeing training, qualifications and practice standards.

:community pharmacy,Hospital pharmacy, we have people that specialise in either different disease states, such as oncology or radiotherapy, and there are pharmacists that specialise with particular patient groups, so some pharmacist become specialists in paediatric medicines or in aged care

 

Oncology specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

 

 

Clinical Psychologist

:psychology is the study of mental processes and human behaviour.

:So the history of psychology dates back to the early 1900s. And the father of psychology would be considered Sigmund Freud.

:Neuropsychology is the study of the brain and how it relates to human behaviour. Neuropsychologists would do a number of different tests, that would examine say memory, or cognitive functioning, or executive functioning

:sports psychology is the study of how people perform under pressure in sports situations.

:Organisational psychology is another area, which is the study of how people function within an organisation or, how to best maximise people’s leadership qualities, how to help with loyalty at work, to work environments, how to help them interact and engage with different people within the work environment.

:Social psychology is the study of human behaviour in groups. Social Psychologists also examine prosocial and aggressive behaviour, they look at people’s identity in groups, language and communication, prejudice and relationships – and they use this knowledge to develop interventions that can improve people’s interactions with others

:Health psychologists typically work in hospital situations. These psychologist help people to manage chronic diseases or to manage chronic pain. They often also work in areas of prevention, to help people lead a healthy lifestyle,factors like exercise, alcohol, cigarettes, and cancer prevention

 

 

Health service manager -> health care worker 이랑 더 일많이 management work

Patients 랑 일 하지 않음

 

Case 1.1

-Ask about allergies, maybe order an allergy test, try cream/ointment for rash, stop taking the medication, see if there is an alternative medication

-GP, diabetes nurse practitioner, pharmacist, med lab scientist (for blood test), dermatologist, dietitian, exercise physiologist

 

 

Excercise scientist -> personal trainer, more in sports theme

Excercise physiologist -> patients with chronic diseases

 

Prescribe x , work in a group -> nutritionist 

Can see one on one -> dietitian

 

Case 1.2

Social worker, psychologist, psychiatrist

GP, speech pathologist, ENT(이빈후과), paediatrician(소아과의사)

Pharmacist

 

Case 1.3

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health care worker/translator

Medical lab scientist

Paramedic, GP, exercise physiologist, pharmacist, hepatologist, dietitian

Social worker, psychologist

 

 

Case 1.4

GP, med lab scientist, dietitian, pharmacist, optometrist, aboriginal health care worker,Diabetic nurse practitioner, Podiatrist, exercise physiologist 

 

Case 1.5

Midwife, OBGYN, Nurse, psychologist/ psychiatrist, social worker, radiographer, women’s health physiological, GP, pharmacist,

 

Case 1.6

Radiographer, surgeon, oncologist(종양전문의), nurse, pharmacist, social worker (cancer patients group), many occupation therapist, OBGYN, dietitian, psychologist, med lab scientist