WEEK1- module 1. Cell structure and function

 

< Learning objectives >

 

Know the names and compositions of the 3 important biological molecules described

There are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Describe the major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Prokaryotes are a unicellular structure which means they don't have any membrane-bound organelles. However, Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles including nuclei, mitochondria, Lysosomes, and others.

Understand the various characteristics and components of Eukaryote cells

Components

-Cell membrane: Semi-permeable membrane, Cell transport, Communication, Protection

-Cell wall: Plants(Cellulose), Fungi(Chitin)

-Nucleus: Nuclear double membrane, DNA, RNA, Genetic information

-Nucleolus: Center of the nucleus, ribosomes synthesis

-DNA: Genetic information
-RNA: Protein Synthesis
-Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Ribosomes, Protein synthesis

-Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: No ribosomes, Fatty acid synthesis, Detoxifying drugs

-Golgi apparatus: Packaging, sorting and modifying proteins. Secretory vesicles forming

-Secretory vesicle: Moving proteins outside (exocytosis)

-Ribosome: Protein synthesis

-Free ribosome: Ribosome in the cytoplasm. It synthesizes proteins in the cytoplasm

-Cytoplasm: Thick solution that fills each cell enclosed by a cell membrane

-Lysosome: Contains hydrolytic enzymes. Break down unwanted materials

-Peroxisome: Creates hydrogen peroxide. Break down fats and detoxifies dangerous substances

-Centriole: Microtubule in animal cells. Spindle formation in cell division

-Mitochondria: Break down molecules. ATP synthesis. Have outer and inner membranes.

Know the names of the 2 types of Eukaryotic cell division and be able to draw the Cell Cycle

Mitosis for cell growth and cell repair and Meiosis for reproduction.

Describe the structure and function of DNA and RNA

Monomers of DNA and RNA are nucleotides which are made of 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. Nitrogenous base for DNA are Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine and Adenine and for RNA are Cytosine, Uracil, Guanine and Adenine. DNA are double-strands structure and store genetic information for protein synthesis. RNA are  single-strand structure and transfer genetic information for protein synthesis from DNA.

Understand how proteins are produced from a DNA sequence by transcription and translation

Protein synthesis consists of two process which are transcription and translation.

Transcription takes place in the nucleus. During transcription, DNA is used as a template to make a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). Once an initiation factor checks initiation point, it makes the promoter region. Then, a RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region and unwinds DNA double helix and synthesize mRNA. After the transcription, 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5' end of mRNA and Adenosine added to the 3'end of mRNA.

The molecule of mRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to ribosome in the cytoplasm, where translation occurs. 

During translation, tRNA binds to the codon with amino acids. Ribosome provides binding sites for amino acids. 

Translation begins with start codon with Methionine and stops with stop codons 'UAA, UGA, UAG.'

 

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IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

 

PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES

 

STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL EUKARYOTIC CELL

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rqbmLiSkpk 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8IlzKri08kk 

 

 

 

 

CELL DIVISION

 

 

 

 

 

 

NUCLEIC ACIDS

 

 

DNA REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION, TRANSLATION

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKIpDtJdK8Q 

 

genetic code 

-redundant ->

-non ambigious ->

-universal ->

 

 

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